Asset purchase programmes
Looking for information on the pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP)?
The ECB’s asset purchase programme (APP) is part of a package of non-standard monetary policy measures that also includes targeted longer-term refinancing operations, and which was initiated in mid-2014 to support the monetary policy transmission mechanism and provide the amount of policy accommodation needed to ensure price stability. It consists of the
APP net purchases, by programme
The Eurosystem started to purchase securities under the asset purchase programmes of its APP in October 2014. The Governing Council recalibrated the overall net purchases under these programmes from time to time as follows:
- €60 billion of net purchases from March 2015 to March 2016
- €80 billion of net purchases from April 2016 to March 2017
- €60 billion of net purchases from April to December 2017
- €30 billion of net purchases from January to September 2018
- €15 billion of net purchases from October to December 2018
- No net purchases, only reinvestments of redemptions, from January to October 2019, as the Governing Council sought to maintain the size of its cumulative net purchases
- €20 billion of net purchases from November 2019 to March 2022 (a temporary €120 billion envelope of net asset purchases was added from March to December 2020)
- €40 billion of net purchases in April 2022
- €30 billion of net purchases in May 2022
- €20 billion of net purchases in June 2022
- No net purchases, only reinvestments of redemptions, as of July 2022

Note: The average monthly APP targets were first set by the ECB Governing Council at the beginning of the PSPP in March 2015. The additional envelope of €120 billion decided by the Governing Council on 12 March 2020 has been linearised for illustration in this chart, while it will be implemented in full according to the established principles with additional flexibility.
Source: ECB
On 9 June 2022 the Governing Council decided to discontinue net asset purchases under the APP as of 1 July 2022. Reinvestments of the principal payments from maturing securities purchased under the programmes will continue, in full, for an extended period of time past the date on which the Governing Council starts to raise the key ECB interest rates, and in any case, for as long as necessary to maintain ample liquidity conditions and an appropriate monetary policy stance.
The table presents the Eurosystem holdings at the end of the month and a breakdown in the change of Eurosystem holdings.
Changes of holdings (previous month) | ABSPP | CBPP3 | CSPP | PSPP | APP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holdings* in November 2022 | 23,822 | 302,482 | 345,039 | 2,585,720 | 3,257,063 |
Monthly net purchases | -893 | -269 | -609 | 1,398 | -373 |
Quarter-end amortisation adjustment and redemptions of coupon STRIPS | -15 | -240 | -311 | -2,541 | -3,017 |
Holdings* in December 2022 | 22,915 | 301,973 | 344,119 | 2,584,666 | 3,253,673 |
*At amortised cost, in EUR millions, at month-end. Figures may not add up due to rounding. Figures are preliminary and may be subject to revision. |
Amortisation adjustment are made at the end of each quarter. The amortisation emerges from an accounting principle that implies that securities purchased at prices below face value have to be revalued upwards over time towards maturity, and revalued downwards over time, if purchased at prices above face value. STRIPS are accounted for at the end of each month (see Question 2.4 in the Q&A).
Weekly changes are reported below and in the Eurosystem weekly financial statement. Full historical data are available in the Statistics section under Data on daily liquidity conditions.
APP cumulative net purchases, by programme
The stock of Eurosystem APP bonds stood at €3434 billion at the end of December 2022. The cumulative net purchases are illustrated below.

APP redemptions
When reinvesting APP redemptions, the Eurosystem in general adheres to the principle of market neutrality via a smooth and flexible implementation. More specifically, for corporate bond reinvestments, from October 2022 the Eurosystem tilts these purchases towards issuers with better climate performance.
To allow for a regular and balanced market presence the Governing Council decided to distribute the reinvestment of principal redemptions through time.
The table presents estimated monthly redemptions for the next 12 months.
EUR millions | ABSPP | CBPP3 | CSPP | PSPP | APP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec 22 | 893 | 1,487 | 1,243 | 12,016 | 15,639 |
Jan 23 | 2,141 | 4,786 | 3,010 | 19,469 | 29,406 |
Feb 23 | 703 | 6,065 | 2,352 | 13,625 | 22,745 |
Mar 23 | 675 | 5,631 | 4,219 | 31,494 | 42,019 |
Apr 23 | 1,213 | 2,937 | 2,162 | 23,889 | 30,201 |
May 23 | 795 | 1,874 | 2,579 | 30,559 | 35,807 |
Jun 23 | 554 | 3,112 | 2,557 | 16,619 | 22,842 |
Jul 23 | 504 | 1,170 | 3,038 | 26,287 | 30,999 |
Aug 23 | 380 | 0 | 986 | 16,445 | 17,811 |
Sep 23 | 1,110 | 3,346 | 3,362 | 13,367 | 21,185 |
Oct 23 | 908 | 4,465 | 2,616 | 44,729 | 52,718 |
Nov 23 | 469 | 1,351 | 2,342 | 13,259 | 17,421 |
Dec 23 | 432 | 408 | 1,336 | 6,336 | 8,512 |
*Actual redemption, based on month end data. ECB estimates in italics. Figures may not add up due to rounding. Figures are preliminary and may be subject to revision. Note: Realised redemptions may differ from estimated redemptions. |
Corporate sector purchase programme
Between 8 June 2016 and 19 December 2018 the Eurosystem conducted net purchases of corporate sector bonds under the corporate sector purchase programme (CSPP). From January to October 2019, the Eurosystem only reinvested the principal payments from maturing securities held in the CSPP portfolio. Purchases of securities under the CSPP were then restarted on 1 November 2019 and continued until the end of June 2022. From July 2022 the Eurosystem is only reinvesting the principal payments from maturing securities.
As announced in July 2022, the Eurosystem aims to gradually decarbonise its corporate bond holdings, on a path aligned with the goals of the Paris Agreement. To that end, the Eurosystem will tilt these purchases towards issuers with better climate performance through the reinvestment of the sizeable redemptions expected over the coming years.
Securities purchased under the CSPP are made available for securities lending to support market liquidity and collateral availability in the market.
EUR mil. | 343,652 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* End of week, at amortised cost |
Market: | Primary | Secondary |
---|---|---|
EUR millions * | 81,260 | 262,859 |
Share * | 23.61% | 76.39% |
Date | 31 December 2022 | |
* End of month, at amortised cost |
Public sector purchase programme
The Eurosystem conducted net purchases of public sector securities under the public sector purchase programme (PSPP) between 9 March 2015 and 19 December 2018. From January to October 2019, the Eurosystem only reinvested the principal payments from maturing securities held in the PSPP portfolio. Purchases of securities under the PSPP were then restarted on 1 November 2019 and continued until the end of June 2022. From July 2022 the Eurosystem is only reinvesting the principal payments from maturing securities.
The securities covered by the PSPP include:
- nominal and inflation-linked central government bonds
- bonds issued by recognised agencies, regional and local governments, international organisations and multilateral development banks located in the euro area
Since December 2018 government bonds and recognised agencies make up around 90% of the total Eurosystem portfolio, while securities issued by international organisations and multilateral development banks account for around 10%.
Securities purchased under the PSPP are made available for securities lending to support market liquidity and collateral availability in the market.
EUR millions | 2,585,220 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* End of week, at amortised cost |
(EUR millions) | Cumulative net purchases as of end December 2021* | Monthly net purchases December 2022 | Cumulative net purchases as of December 2022* | WAM of PSPP portfolio holdings end December 2021** | Current WAM of PSPP portfolio holdings** | WAM of eligible universe of securities under the PSPP as at end-December 2022** |
Austria | 72,409 | 343 | 75,137 | 7.28 | 7.47 | 8.38 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 91,027 | 287 | 94,346 | 7.56 | 7.22 | 10.36 |
Cyprus | 4,144 | 24 | 4,507 | 8.77 | 8.25 | 8.83 |
Germany | 634,906 | -2,705 | 665,594 | 6.68 | 6.68 | 7.93 |
Estonia | 408 | 32 | 564 | 8.44 | 7.93 | 8.38 |
Spain | 305,333 | 619 | 316,322 | 7.83 | 7.65 | 8.19 |
Finland | 41,170 | 265 | 44,368 | 7.35 | 8.02 | 8.82 |
France | 516,032 | 1,731 | 533,975 | 6.99 | 6.68 | 8.58 |
Ireland | 41,029 | 217 | 42,925 | 8.12 | 8.28 | 10.10 |
Italy | 429,415 | -2,139 | 443,559 | 7.19 | 7.16 | 7.90 |
Lithuania | 5,493 | 29 | 6,021 | 10.72 | 9.99 | 9.59 |
Luxembourg | 3,870 | 5 | 3,947 | 5.47 | 5.58 | 7.49 |
Latvia | 3,344 | 34 | 3,934 | 10.11 | 8.58 | 8.55 |
Malta | 1,362 | 2 | 1,435 | 11.19 | 10.96 | 9.44 |
The Netherlands | 126,966 | 826 | 134,573 | 7.52 | 7.59 | 9.32 |
Portugal | 51,035 | -159 | 53,694 | 7.49 | 7.49 | 7.84 |
Slovenia | 10,349 | 49 | 11,226 | 9.71 | 9.25 | 9.46 |
Slovakia | 17,034 | 76 | 18,646 | 8.28 | 7.72 | 8.46 |
Supranationals | 275,874 | 1,860 | 288,028 | 8.04 | 8.22 | 9.57 |
Total | 2,631,199 | 1,398 | 2,742,802 | 7.28 | 7.22 | 8.47 |
* Cumulative monthly net purchases figures represent the difference between the acquisition cost of all purchase operations and the redeemed nominal amounts. ** Remaining weighted average maturity (WAM) in years. Notes: Figures may not add up due to rounding. Figures are preliminary and may be subject to revision. The monthly purchase volumes are reported on a settlement basis and net of redemptions. The Eurosystem will continue to adhere to the principle of market neutrality via smooth and flexible implementation. To this end, the reinvestment of principal redemptions will be distributed over the year to allow for a regular and balanced market presence (see press release on technical parameters for the reinvestment). When assessing the remaining WAM of Eurosystem holdings relative to a market measure, deviations could reflect, inter alia, the 1 to 30 year maturity range of purchases; the issue share limits taking into account holdings in other Eurosystem portfolios; as well as the availability and liquidity conditions in the market during the implementation period; and the impact of portfolio redemptions and their respective reinvestments. |
Asset-backed securities purchase programme
Between 21 November 2014 and 19 December 2018 the Eurosystem conducted net purchases of asset-backed securities under the asset-backed securities purchase programme (ABSPP). From January to October 2019, the Eurosystem only reinvested the principal payments from maturing securities held in the ABSPP portfolio. Purchases of securities under the ABSPP were restarted on 1 November 2019 and continued until the end of June 2022. From July 2022 the Eurosystem is only reinvesting the principal payments from maturing securities.
EUR mil. | 22,654 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* End of week, at amortised cost |
Market: | Primary | Secondary |
---|---|---|
EUR millions * | 18,481 | 4,434 |
Share * | 80.65% | 19.35% |
Date | 31 December 2022 | |
* End of month, at amortised cost |
Covered bond purchase programme 3
Between 20 October 2014 and 19 December 2018 the Eurosystem conducted net purchases of covered bonds under a third covered bond purchase programme (CBPP3). From January to October 2019, the Eurosystem only reinvested the principal payments from maturing securities held in the CBPP3 portfolio. Purchases of securities under the CBPP3 were restarted on 1 November 2019 and continued until the end of June 2022. From July 2022 the Eurosystem is only reinvesting the principal payments from maturing securities.
Securities purchased under the covered bond purchase programmes (CBPP1, CBPP2 and CBPP3) are made available for securities lending by a number of Eurosystem central banks.
EUR mil. | 303,743 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* End of week, at amortised cost |
Market: | Primary | Secondary |
---|---|---|
EUR millions * | 117,108 | 184,865 |
Share * | 38.78% | 61.22% |
Date | 31 December 2022 | |
* End of month, at amortised cost |
Terminated programmes
Securities Markets Programme
On 10 May 2010, the central banks of the Eurosystem started purchasing securities in the context of the Securities Markets Programme (SMP), with a view to addressing the severe tensions in certain market segments which had been hampering the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Following a Governing Council decision on 6 September 2012 to initiate outright monetary transactions, the SMP was terminated. The existing securities in the SMP portfolio will be held to maturity. For details see the press release: Technical features of Outright Monetary Transactions; as well as ECB decision of 14 May 2010 ECB/2010/5 and the press release of 10 May 2010: ECB decides on measures to address severe tensions in financial markets.
With a view to leaving liquidity conditions unaffected by the programme, the Eurosystem re-absorbed the liquidity provided through the SMP by means of weekly liquidity-absorbing operations until June 2014. On 5 June 2014, the ECB suspended the weekly fine-tuning operations sterilising the liquidity injected by the programme and the last operation was allotted on 10 June 2014.
EUR mil. | 2,860 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* at amortised cost |
Issuer country | Nominal amount (EUR billions) | Book value* (EUR billions) | Average remaining maturity (years) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ireland | 0.6 | 0.6 | 3.2 | ||||||
Greece | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.6 | ||||||
Spain | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||
Italy | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.2 | ||||||
Portugal | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | ||||||
Total** | 6.7 | 6.5 | 1.4 | ||||||
* SMP holdings are valued at amortised cost. ** Totals may not add up due to rounding. |
Covered bond purchase programme
EUR mil. | 0 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* at amortised cost |
On 2 July 2009, the Eurosystem launched its first covered bond purchase programme (CBPP1). The programme ended, as planned, on 30 June 2010 when it reached a nominal amount of €60 billion. The Eurosystem intends to hold the assets bought under this programme until maturity.
For details, see ECB decision of 2 July 2009 ( ECB/2009/16 ) as well as the press releases Purchase programme for covered bonds (4 June 2009) and Covered bond purchase programme completed (30 June 2010).
Covered bond purchase programme 2
EUR mil. | 0 |
---|---|
Date | 20 January 2023 |
* at amortised cost |
In November 2011, the Eurosystem launched a second covered bond purchase programme (CBPP2). The programme ended, as planned, on 31 October 2012 when it reached a nominal amount of €16.4 billion. The Eurosystem intends to hold the assets bought under this programme until maturity.
Market | Primary | Secondary |
---|---|---|
EUR mil. * | 6,015 | 10,375 |
Share * | 36.70% | 63.30% |
Date | 31 October 2012 | |
* at amortised cost |
For details, see ECB decision ECB/2011/17 of 3 November 2011 and the press release ECB announces details of its new covered bond purchase programme (CBPP2) (3 November 2011).